Republic of Mathematics blog

The value of cos(pi/5)

Posted by: Gary Ernest Davis on: December 3, 2010

@capedsam Tweeted: “Can you find an exact value for cos(pi/5)? “
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It is actually fairly easy to find an exact value for \cos (\frac{\pi}{5}) by following a path through the complex numbers.
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To do this we use Euler’s identity e^{ix}=\cos (x) + \sin (x) for all real numbers x.
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Jim Tanton (@jamestanton) has a very nice introduction to Euler’s identity here.
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As shorthand let’s write c=\cos (\frac{\pi}{5}) \textrm{ and } s=\sin (\frac{\pi}{5}).
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From Euler’s identity we know that:
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e^{i\frac{\pi}{5}}=\cos (\frac{\pi}{5}) + \sin (\frac{\pi}{5}) =(c+is)^5………(1)
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We raise both sides of equation (1) to the 5^{th} power:
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(e^{i\frac{\pi}{5}})^5=(c+is)^5……………………….(2)
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The left hand side of equation (2) is (e^{i\frac{\pi}{5}})^5=e^{i\pi} =-1.
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The right hand side of equation (2) is, by the binomial theorem:
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(c+is)^5 = c^5+5ic^4s-10c^3s^2-10ic^2s^3+5cs^4+is^5  ……..(3)
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We separate the expression in (3) into real and imaginary parts, and equate the real part to -1, and the imaginary part to 0:
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c^5-10c^3s^2+5cs^4=-1……………………………..(4)
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5c^4s-10c^2s^3+s^5=0……………………………….(5)
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We can substitute 1-s^2 \textrm{ for } c^2 in (5) to get:
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5(1-s^2)^2s-10(1-s^2)s^3+s^5=0………….(6)
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Expanding (6) and dividing through by s we get:
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16s^4-20s^2+5=0………………………………………(7)
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This is a quadratic equation for s^2 with roots \frac{5+\sqrt{5}}{8}\textrm{ and } \frac{5-\sqrt{5}}{8}
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This gives c^2=1-s^2 = 1-\frac{5\pm\sqrt{5}}{8} = \frac{3\pm\sqrt{5}}{8}
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Only one of these two roots can be equal to s^2=\sin ^2(\frac{\pi}{5}).
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Which one?
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We know \sin (\frac{\pi}{5}) < \sin (\frac{\pi}{4}) =\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} so s^2 < \frac{2}{4}=\frac{1}{2}.
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Therefore, s^2= \frac{5-\sqrt{5}}{8} so c^2=\frac{3+\sqrt{5}}{8} which means, since \cos (\frac{\pi}{5})>0, that:
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cos (\frac{\pi}{5})=\sqrt{\frac{3+\sqrt{5}}{8}}.
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One can also get the quadratic equation for s^2 from the multiple angle formulas (if one can remember them!).

Shoot me now! (Math jokes)

Posted by: Gary Ernest Davis on: December 2, 2010